Be prepared to describe the chemical thermodynamics of the solution process in terms of internal energy change and heat flow. Be able to explain why 'like dissolves like' in these terms.

Be able to explain boiling point elevation and freezing point depression in terms of relative changes in the free energy of a liquid solvent having dissolved solutes.

Account for the relative acidity within various groups of similar acids such as oxygen acids, the hydrogen halides, and carboxylic acids.

Be able to describe application of the Henderson-Hasselbach equation in biochemistry within general contexts such as amino acid titration or maintenance of physiological pH as well as within more advanced contexts such as the Bohr effect.