Understand heat flow, internal energy, and thermodynamic work in in terms of basic ideas from both physics and general chemistry, especially work & energy and electricity from physics and atomic theory, chemical bonding and intermolecular force in chemistry.

Be able to narrate the Carnot Cycle in terms of the concepts of both the first law of thermodynamics, and the second law of thermodynamics.

Be prepared to relate electrostatic potential energy changes in chemical bonding, as bonds are broken and new bonds form, to the overall enthalpy change in energy metabolism as glucose and oxygen are transformed into carbon dioxide and water.

Apply the concepts of thermochemistry and chemical thermodynamics to understand the factors that determine the position of equilibrium in important general examples such as phase change, dissolving an electrolyte in water, protolysis of an acid, and oxidation-reduction.

Be able to distinguish 'state of the system' reasoning underlying the concepts of chemical thermodynamics from 'path of the reaction' principles underlying chemical kinetics.