Visual Perception and Object Recognition

1. Trichromacy is the condition of possessing three independent channels for conveying color information, derived from the three different cone types.
2. Opponent process theory states that the human visual system interprets information about color by processing differences between the responses of cones, rather than each type of cone's individual response.
3. Depth perception is the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions.
4. Monocular cues for depth perception include size: distant objects subtend smaller visual angles than near objects, grain, size, and motion parallax.
5. Binocular cues for depth perception include stereopsis, eye convergence, disparity, and yielding depth from binocular vision through exploitation of parallax.
6. In visual perception with bottom-up processing, the stimuli are recognized by fixation points, proximity and focal areas to build objects.
   

   Rabbit–duck illusion.

7. In visual perception top-down processing is conceptually driven, context-sensitive, and influenced by our beliefs and expectations.
8. Perceptual organization refers to the process of organizing incoming sensations into information which is meaningful.
9. Feature detection is a process by which the nervous system sorts or filters natural stimuli in order to extract behaviorally relevant cues that have a high probability of being associated with important objects in their environment.
   

   Multistable images.

10. Multistable perceptual phenomena are a form of perceptual phenomena in which there are unpredictable sequences of spontaneous subjective changes.
11. Face recognition refers to an individual's understanding and interpretation of the face, particularly the human face, especially in relation to the associated information processing in the brain.
12. The phi phenomenon is the optical illusion of perceiving a series of still images, when viewed in rapid succession, as continuous motion.
13. Change blindness is a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it.
14. Synesthesia is a neurological phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.
15. The central principle of gestalt psychology is that the mind forms a global whole with self-organizing tendencies. This principle maintains that when the human mind forms a percept, the whole has a reality of its own, independent of the parts.
16. The gestalt principle of proximity states that when an individual perceives an assortment of objects they perceive objects that are close to each other as forming a group.
    
    

    
    
17. The gestalt principle of similarity states that elements within an assortment of objects are perceptually grouped together if they are similar to each other.
    
    

    
    
18. The gestalt principle of closure states that individuals perceive objects such as shapes, letters, pictures, etc., as being whole when they are not complete.
    
    

    
    
19. The gestalt principle of symmetry states that the mind perceives objects as being symmetrical and forming around a center point.
    
    

    
    
20. The gestalt principle of common fate states that objects are perceived as lines that move along the smoothest path.
21. The gestalt principle of good continuation states that objects are perceived as wholes even if other objects block part of them.
22. The gestalt principle of figure-ground states that objects are perceived with attention focused on the central figure while the background is largely ignored.
23. The gestalt principle of Prägnanz explains that elements of objects tend to be perceptually grouped together if they form a pattern that is regular, simple, and orderly. As individuals perceive the world, they eliminate complexity and unfamiliarity.